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Biopolymer biosensors; Environmental monitoring; Pollutant detection; Eco-friendly sensors; Enzyme immobilization; Chitosan matrix; Water quality; Electrochemical biosensors; Biodegradable sensors; Smart detection systems

Introduction

The detection and monitoring of environmental pollutants—such as heavy metals, pesticides, and industrial chemicals—are critical for public health and ecosystem protection. Traditional analytical methods, though accurate, are often time-consuming, expensive, and require sophisticated instruments [1-5]. Biosensors offer a cost-effective and rapid alternative, and the use of biopolymers in their design brings the added advantage of biodegradability, biocompatibility, and environmental safety. Biopolymers like chitosan, cellulose, alginate, and silk fibroin are excellent matrices for immobilizing enzymes, antibodies, or DNA probes due to their functional groups and porous structures. This paper discusses recent advancements in the development of biopolymer-based biosensors for real-time, on-site detection of environmental contaminants [6-10].

Discussion

Biopolymer-based biosensors function by translating a biochemical interaction (e.g., enzyme-substrate, antigen-antibody) into a measurable signal—optical, electrochemical, or thermal. Chitosan is one of the most commonly used biopolymers due to its film-forming ability, mechanical strength, and ability to bind biomolecules. When coated on electrodes, it enhances conductivity and enables efficient electron transfer in electrochemical biosensors. For instance, a chitosan-glucose oxidase biosensor can detect phenolic pollutants in water. Cellulose-based papers serve as low-cost platforms for paper-based microfluidic biosensors, allowing for colorimetric detection without the need for electrical input. Alginate and silk are also used to encapsulate enzymes or fluorescent probes, offering stable environments for detection under varying pH and temperature. Recent innovations include integrating biopolymer sensors with IoT devices for wireless data transmission, enabling smart monitoring in remote areas. While sensitivity and selectivity are generally high, interference from complex sample matrices and the limited shelf life of biological components remain challenges.

Conclusion

Biopolymer-based biosensors provide a green, affordable, and effective solution for rapid detection of environmental pollutants. Their adaptability, eco-friendliness, and potential for miniaturization make them ideal for real-time field monitoring in both urban and rural settings. Continued advancements in sensor sensitivity, multi-analyte detection, and device integration will further enhance their utility. These biosensors not only contribute to better environmental governance but also empower communities to take timely action against pollution threats.

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