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Oropouche virus (OROV) is an arbovirus belonging to the Peribunyaviridae family, transmitted primarily through the bite of midges (Culicoides paraensis) and, to a lesser extent, by mosquitoes. First identified in Trinidad in 1955, it has since emerged as one of the most important arboviral diseases in parts of South America, particularly Brazil, Peru, and Venezuela. Although less known than dengue, Zika, or chikungunya, Oropouche fever has caused numerous outbreaks affecting hundreds of thousands of people in the Amazon basin. With its potential to spread further due to environmental changes, urbanization, and human mobility, OROV is increasingly recognized as a neglected tropical pathogen that deserves global attention [1,2].

Discussion

Oropouche virus infection typically presents as an acute febrile illness resembling other arboviral diseases. Symptoms include sudden fever, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, photophobia, dizziness, and sometimes nausea or vomiting. While generally self-limiting, lasting about 5–7 days, Oropouche fever can cause relapses in some patients. Rarely, neurological complications such as meningitis and encephalitis have been reported, indicating its potential severity. Because the symptoms overlap with diseases like dengue and influenza, misdiagnosis is common in endemic regions [3,4].

Transmission of OROV occurs mainly through the bite of Culicoides midges, which thrive in humid environments. The virus is maintained in a sylvatic cycle involving wild mammals such as sloths and monkeys, while humans are incidental hosts. Increasing deforestation, urbanization, and human encroachment into forested areas have expanded opportunities for contact between vectors, reservoirs, and humans, contributing to more frequent outbreaks. Climate change, with its influence on rainfall and vector distribution, may further exacerbate the spread of OROV into new areas [5-8].

Epidemiologically, Oropouche virus has affected more than half a million people in South America, with Brazil reporting the majority of cases. Outbreaks often occur in urban and peri-urban areas, highlighting the adaptability of the vector to human environments. Unlike some arboviruses, there is currently no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for OROV. Management relies on supportive care, including hydration, rest, and symptomatic treatment such as antipyretics and analgesics. Preventive strategies focus on reducing vector exposure through insect repellents, protective clothing, and environmental control measures [9,10].

Conclusion

Oropouche virus is an emerging arboviral pathogen with significant public health implications, particularly in South America. Though often overshadowed by more prominent viruses such as dengue or Zika, it has caused large outbreaks and remains a potential threat in tropical and subtropical regions. With no specific treatment or vaccine available, prevention and vector control remain the primary tools against its spread. Strengthening surveillance, improving diagnostic capabilities, and investing in research are essential to address this neglected infection. As global environmental and social changes create favorable conditions for its expansion, proactive measures are needed to prevent Oropouche virus from becoming a broader epidemic concern.

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