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Nanocarriers; Antiepileptic drugs; Blood–brain barrier; Targeted delivery; Brain targeting; Lipid nanoparticles; Polymeric micelles; Controlled release; Neurological therapy

Introduction

Treating neurological conditions such as epilepsy is often hindered by the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which restricts the entry of therapeutic agents into the central nervous system (CNS). Many effective antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) fail to reach therapeutic concentrations in brain tissue due to limited permeability across the BBB [1-5]. Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising solution to overcome these barriers by enabling targeted and sustained delivery of drugs to the CNS. This study explores the development and optimization of targeted nanocarriers—including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and polymeric micelles—to enhance the brain uptake and therapeutic efficacy of AEDs [6-10].

Discussion

Nanocarriers offer several advantages in CNS drug delivery: they protect drugs from degradation, improve solubility, and allow surface modifications for active targeting. Ligands such as transferrin, lactoferrin, or folic acid can be conjugated to the nanocarrier surface to exploit receptor-mediated transcytosis across the BBB. Encapsulation of AEDs like carbamazepine or valproic acid in lipid-based or polymeric carriers results in higher drug accumulation in brain tissue and prolonged anticonvulsant effects. Preclinical models demonstrate improved seizure control and reduced systemic toxicity. Key challenges include ensuring nanocarrier stability, avoiding opsonization, and achieving controlled release within the brain. Advanced techniques such as PEGylation and pH-sensitive release mechanisms are being employed to address these limitations. Furthermore, regulatory and ethical concerns must be considered for future clinical translation.

Conclusion

Targeted nanocarrier systems represent a transformative approach in CNS drug delivery for epilepsy management. By enhancing brain-specific transport and minimizing peripheral side effects, these systems hold promise for improving therapeutic outcomes in patients with refractory or difficult-to-treat epilepsy.

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