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Abstract

Antigen presentation is a fundamental process in adaptive immunity, involving the display of peptide fragments on MHC molecules.
to T cells. This review details mechanisms of Class I and Class II MHC presentation, including endogenous and exogenous antigens.
pathways. It highlights the roles of the proteasome, TAP, endosomes, and dendritic cells in antigen processing and presentation.
Emerging concepts like cross-presentation, non-classical MHC molecules, and quality control mechanisms are discussed. The poly
morphic nature of HLA and the functions of molecules like HLA-DM are also explored, underscoring their significance in immune
surveillance and disease.