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Abstract

Autophagy and apoptosis are fundamental cellular processes whose intricate interplay critically impacts disease progression and therapeutic strategies across a wide array of human conditions. This includes significant roles in cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and viral infections. These cellular mechanisms also profoundly influence intestinal health, various liver diseases, and the development of drug resistance. Understanding their complex regulatory mechanisms, including intricate connections with mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy, is crucial for identifying promising therapeutic targets. This knowledge helps combat a broad spectrum of human pathologies, such as fibrosis, offering new avenues for intervention