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Abstract

Global defense against chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive (CBRNE) threats requires tailored training, especially in low-resource settings. Advances in nanomaterials are revolutionizing detection, protection, and decontamination for chemical and biological agents. Rapid pathogen identification via Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and innovative biosensing technologies enhance early warning. Further, Host-Directed Therapies (HDTs) and synthetic biology are accelerating countermeasures. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) integrate these efforts, optimizing threat prediction and response. These developments collectively improve our readiness and resilience against diverse security challenges.