Immune Checkpoints: Targets, Resistance, and Future Therapies
Received Date: Jul 01, 2025 / Accepted Date: Jul 29, 2025 / Published Date: Jul 29, 2025
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting pathways like PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy.
These pathways regulate T cell responses, and their blockade can restore anti-tumor immunity. Challenges include tumor microenvi
ronment modulation, resistance mechanisms, and the need for better predictive biomarkers. Emerging checkpoints and the interplay
of innate and adaptive immunity, cellular metabolism, and the gut microbiome are critical areas of investigation for optimizing
therapeutic efficacy.
Keywords:
Citation: Ruiz DP (2025) Immune Checkpoints: Targets, Resistance, and Future Therapies. Immunol Curr Res 09: 275. Doi: 10.4172/icr.1000275
Copyright: © 2025 Dr. Pablo Ruiz This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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