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Abstract

Immune tolerance is crucial for preventing autoimmunity, achieved through central and peripheral mechanisms that eliminate or
suppress self-reactive lymphocytes. Central tolerance occurs during lymphocyte development, while peripheral tolerance employs
strategies like anergy and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the periphery. Tregs are key suppressors, utilizing cytokines and cell contact.
Interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells, involving co-stimulatory/co-inhibitory signals, also regulate peripheral
tolerance. Dysregulation of these mechanisms, influenced by genetics and environment, leads to autoimmune diseases. Therapeutic
efforts focus on restoring tolerance through Treg-based interventions and other immunomodulatory approaches.