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Abstract

The host microbiome, particularly the gut microbiota, significantly influences susceptibility, progression, and outcomes of viral infections. It modulates host antiviral immunity, impacting viral replication and pathogenesis. Commensal microbiota prime innate and adaptive immune responses, affecting viral clearance, disease severity, and vaccine efficacy. The gut-lung axis demonstrates how gut signals affect respiratory viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Dysbiosis exacerbates inflammatory responses and compromises antiviral defense. Recognizing the microbiome as a crucial regulator highlights its therapeutic potential in preventing and treating viral diseases through targeted modulation