中国P站

Abstract

Mucosal vaccines represent a promising strategy for inducing immunity at mucosal surfaces, the primary entry points for pathogens. These vaccines are designed to elicit robust immune responses at mucosal sites such as the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts, where pathogens typically invade. The mucosal immune system is distinct from systemic immunity and involves the coordinated action of epithelial cells, dendritic cells, mucosal- associated lymphoid tissues (MALT), and secretory antibodies such as IgA. Recent advances in vaccine development have focused on optimizing delivery methods, such as oral, nasal, and vaginal routes, and incorporating adjuvants that enhance mucosal immunity. Furthermore, new strategies to overcome barriers like mucosal tolerance and improving vaccine stability are being explored. This review discusses the latest progress in mucosal vaccine development, examining their mechanisms of action, challenges, and potential applications in preventing infections like influenza, HIV, and gastrointestinal diseases.