Navigating Treatment-Resistant Depression: Novel Approaches
Received Date: Nov 02, 2025 / Published Date: Dec 01, 2025
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a persistent subtype of major depressive disorder unresponsive to conventional therapies.
This review examines the complex neurobiological underpinnings of TRD, including neurotransmitter dysfunction, neuroinflamma
tion, and HPAaxisdysregulation. Emergingtherapeuticmodalitiessuchasketamine, esketamine, andneuromodulationarediscussed,
alongside the growing importance of personalized medicine approaches guided by genetics and biomarkers. The roles of the gut-brain
axis, sleep disturbances, and adjunctive psychotherapy are also highlighted.
Citation: Alvarez DM (2025) Navigating Treatment-Resistant Depression: Novel Approaches. Psych Clin Ther J 07: 340.
Copyright: 漏 2025 Dr. Monica Alvarez This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits聽unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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