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Abstract

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) exhibit diverse roles across biological systems, contributing to both cellular signaling and disease pathology. These molecules are critical in cancer progression, influencing autophagy, homeostasis, and ferroptosis. They are key regulators in inflammation, aging, and metabolic diseases, often via mitochondrial ROS. ROS also mediate plant immunity and T cell function. Furthermore, excessive ROS contribute to neurodegenerative conditions, acute kidney injury, and heart failure. Modulating ROS pathways offers significant therapeutic potential for treating a wide array of human diseases.