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Abstract

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, is one of the fastest-growing global health challenges. While its systemic complications ranging from cardiovascular disease to neuropathy—are well recognized, the intricate relationship between diabetes and oral health remains underappreciated in both clinical practice and public awareness. Emerging research underscores a bidirectional association between diabetes and a range of oral health conditions, particularly periodontal disease, dental caries, xerostomia, oral infections, and delayed wound healing. Poor glycemic control exacerbates oral complications, while untreated oral infections can impair metabolic control, creating a vicious cycle that complicates disease management. Moreover, diabetes-related alterations in the immune response, vascular function, and saliva composition contribute to increased vulnerability to oral disease. Dental caries, commonly known as tooth decay or cavities, remains one of the most widespread chronic diseases globally, affecting individuals across all age groups. This condition results from a complex interplay between dietary sugars, dental plaque, acid-producing bacteria, and host factors over time. The demineralization of tooth enamel and dentin caused by acidogenic bacteria, particularly Streptococcus mutans, initiates the carious process. If left untreated, caries can progress to the pulp and periapical tissues, leading to pain, infection, tooth loss, and significant impacts on overall health and quality of life. Preventive measures, including proper oral hygiene, fluoride use, dietary modifications, and regular dental check-ups, are vital in controlling the disease. Advances in dental materials and minimally invasive restorative techniques now allow for more effective and conservative management of carious lesions. This article explores the etiology, risk factors, preventive strategies, and therapeutic approaches to dental caries, providing a comprehensive overview for clinicians, researchers, and public health professionals.